<>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 2015, p. 61). Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multiorgan failure and severe bleeding complications. There is currently no FDA-licensed vaccine to protect against the three other strains of the Ebola virus that cause disease in people. Jacob ST, Crozier I, Fischer WA 2nd, Hewlett A, Kraft CS, Vega MA, Soka MJ, Wahl V, Griffiths A, Bollinger L, Kuhn JH. [33]World Health Organization. Ebola virus disease Democratic Republic of the Congo. Metrovi, Tomislav. The virus enters the body through broken skin, through the eyes, nose or mouth, or through sexual contact. The objective of this work is to study the evolution and progression of the epidemiological presentation profile of Ebola disease outbreaks since its discovery in 1976 to the present, and to explore the possible reasons for this evolution from different perspectives. Epidemiology of Ebola - UKEssays.com Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: Metrovi, Tomislav. Report of an International Commission. It most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Elife. Study Objective: This can happen when a person touches the infected body fluids or objects that are contaminated with them, such as medical equipment like needles and syringes. Retrieved on May 01, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Epidemiology.aspx. In 2014 the world watched in horror as West Africa experienced the largest Ebola epidemic in history. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052986, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23285243?tool=bestpractice.com. The Ebola-Zaire subtype is the most lethal variant. When the Ebola epidemic began in 2014 Sierra Leone 's government health care system was built on rigid foundations. Ebola virus has been found in wild animals, such as fruit bats, monkeys, chimpanzees or gorillas, in parts of central and west Africa. xna%b83EtbQ,@.%dWg8Ci%aI$\7_wo>|r)oo7xy!RH"dsy{q&|/~h'n31;@.>aP19z2"rphVh0lGmY3/KlH1ZC0L^[`|C4ryDpX{exve&X$o+@Plp{An22P03R_2kP#PO-r7_Dn~+ZV0YVVv~U~i[eQxyn; -DBF)%9"v! This page was processed by aws-apollo-l1 in. The review was undertaken using the key words epidemiology, public health, outbreak control of Ebola virus, EVD, emerging disease, and/or pandemic disease through medical search engines and abstracting databases such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, and websites of international health agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The epidemiology of human pathogenic filovirus is reviewed in this paper considering the most relevant facts. An official website of the United States government. PDF Ebola outbreak lesson plan - PBS Ebola Virus Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Features - PubMed More active disease surveillance needs to occur. To learn more, visit and transmitted securely. You will use the example of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in describing the three vertices (corners) of the Epidemiologic Triangle. World Health Organization. PMC Transmission in this outbreak was traced back to the use of contaminated needles in an outpatient clinic at Yambuku Mission Hospital. "Ebola Virus Epidemiology". [4]Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. Neagu M, Calina D, Docea AO, Constantin C, Filippini T, Vinceti M, Drakoulis N, Poulas K, Nikolouzakis TK, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. J Cell Mol Med. BAM, Teacher's Corner, Understanding the Epidemiologic Triangle - CDC Diagnosis; Ebola; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Ebola virus diseases; Epidemiology; Prevention; Treatment; Vaccines. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016, p. 2). Accessibility In June, MSF called for the WHO to increase its response. Total loading time: 0 2022: the fourteenth outbreak in the DRC started on April 23, 2022 in the quateur province and was declared over on July 4, 2022, with a total of 5 cases and 5 deaths (case fatality rate 100%). Impacts of environmental and socio-economic factors on emergence and UK Health Security Agency: ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fevers - outbreaks and case locations. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. Suggested Citation, Maidan Garhischool of social sciencesNew Delhi, 110068India, Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic, International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal, Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal, We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. Ebola virus disease fact sheet. Arwady MA, Bawo L, Hunter JC, Massaquoi M, Matanock A, Dahn B, Ayscue P, Nyenswah T, Forrester JD, Hensley LE, Monroe B, Schoepp RJ, Chen TH, Schaecher KE, George T, Rouse E, Schafer IJ, Pillai SK, De Cock KM. doi: 10.7554/eLife.16412. Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease. How can I learn more about Ebola virus disease? It is transmitted by means of contact with infected blood, mucous membranes, semen and other secretions, therefore being skin lesions and sexual contact significant ways of transmission (Boulton, 2014). Dr. Tomislav Metrovi is a medical doctor (MD) with a Ph.D. in biomedical and health sciences, specialist in the field of clinical microbiology, and an Assistant Professor at Croatia's youngest university - University North. Special laboratory tests of the blood are needed to confirm the diagnosis of EVD. Ebola health update:north Kivu/Ituri, DRC, 2018-2020. What are the symptoms of Ebola virus disease? 2019 Sep 29;6(1):435-458. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015708. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Peterson AT, Bauer JT, Mills JN. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Avoid contact with semen from a man who had EVD until you know the virus is gone from the semen. 4 0 obj Forgraphs,geographical distribution and more details see the WEEKLY report (on Wednesdays). May 2021 [internet publication]. People at higher risk of infection include healthcare workers, family members or others who have close contact with infected people or who have contact with their bodies during funerals or burying rituals. and 2022. PLoS One. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is an often deadly illness caused by the Ebola virus. There are four different strains of the Ebola virus that cause disease in people: Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus); Sudan virus (Sudan ebolavirus); Ta Forest virus (Ta Forest ebolavirus, formerly Cte dIvoire ebolavirus); and Bundibugyo virus (Bundibugyo ebolavirus). Kilgore PE, Grabenstein JD, Salim AM, Rybak M. Pharmacotherapy. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted However, there are social, economic, cultural, and political obstacles that continue to greatly hinder a more efficient epidemiological approach to Ebola disease, mainly in Central Africa. Epidemiologic Triad- Agent, Host, Environment - The Biology Notes (2021, March 28). <> Ebola virus disease in West Africa: the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. between patient and physician/doctor and the medical advice they may provide. The evolution of Ebola virus disease outbreaks. Nov 2020[internet publication]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease. Ebola virus disease - pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management. Epidemiology of the Ebola Virus: Facts and Hypotheses The case fatality rate during the 2014 outbreak was up to 64.3% in hospital admissions,[18]WHO Ebola Response Team. Epub 2015 Jul 14. Cookie Settings. Careers. TIM-1 Augments Cellular Entry of Ebola Virus Species and Mutants, Which Is Blocked by Recombinant TIM-1 Protein. and Characteristic burial ceremonies where mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased can also represent an important path of transmission. There were scant resources, limited infrastructure, poor training on infection prevention and control and a severe shortage of health care workers with a ratio of 1.9 workers for every 10,000 people. endobj More info. As the prevalence of Ebola grew, the WHO maintained contact with its regional offices in West Africa. endobj The Epidemiological Presentation Pattern of Ebola Virus Disease Emerg Infect Dis. National Library of Medicine Clinical manifestations and case management of Ebola haemorrhagic fever caused by a newly identified virus strain, Bundibugyo, Uganda, 2007-2008. Smither, Sophie J. Ebola Epidemic: Student Worksheet Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and . 2012 Dec 28;7(12):e52986. As a transmittable disease, progression of the virus had been thought to be linked to higher probabilities of transmission, and therefore safety of persons in contact with infected patients was in question (Yamin et al., 2015). This manuscript review and update current knowledge with regard to epidemiology of EVD problem statement, historical perspective, agent, host, environment, reservoir of infection, routes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, management, and control. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Epidemiology.aspx. * A suspected case (evaluated by a clinician) or person who died from suspected EVD and had an epidemiological link to a confirmed case (but was not tested and did not have laboratory confirmation of the disease) becomes PROBABLE. [6]Roddy P, Howard N, Van Kerkhove MD, et al. Genetic sequencing has shown that the virus isolated from infected patients in the 2014 outbreak is 97% similar to the virus that first emerged in 1976. This means that health care workers should be encouraged to document and report those they think have been exposed and their contacts. https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/Ebola-2019-drc-, 2018: small outbreak in the DRC with 54 cases and 33 deaths (case fatality rate 61%).[2]World Health Organization. As each country must strengthen its preparedness and response system to prevent eventual Ebola outbreaks in the future, adequate knowledge about the ecology and transmission of this disease is of the uttermost importance. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23285243?tool=bestpractice.com, 2022: an outbreak ofSudan ebolavirusdisease in Uganda started on September 20, 2022 and was declared over on January 11, 2023, with a total of 142 confirmed cases and 55 deaths (case fatality rate 39%). Flight 822 was where it all began. This is the first FDA-approved vaccine for Ebola virus disease caused by one strain of the Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus). Accessibility World Health Organization. 2021. ??accessibility.screen-reader.external-link_en_US?? As the Ebola virus in the reservoir might present in a subclinical or asymptomatic way, there is a possibility of sporadic activation via appropriate stimuli such as stress, changes in food. How many Ebola patients have been treated outside of Africa? Training for outbreak response through the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network. 01 May 2023. Symptoms of EVD include fever, severe headache, muscle or joint pain, weakness, fatigue, sore throat, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal (stomach) pain, and, in some cases, unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising). How many Ebola patients have been treated outside of Africa? When an infectious agent persists, or when it infects a greater number of people or in a larger area than expected, this is referred to as an outbreak or epidemic. Ebola Virus Disease in the Light of Epidemiological Triad - SSRN News-Medical. Ebola disease caused by Sudan ebolavirus Uganda. The Epidemiological Triangle is a model that scientists have developed to understand infectious diseases and how they spread is the Epidemiological Triangle. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/ebola-virus-disease-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-draft, 2018-2020: the worlds second largest outbreak in the north Kivu and Ituri provinces of the DRC in 2018 was declared over on June 25, 2020, with a total of 3481 cases and 2299 deaths (case fatality rate 66%). He enjoys contributing back to the community. "7b8= n4k7yRRQM>)/@I3X^s+}p-0+f9Gzw3MP:I&hRtqik pulo8jy@fia\evQ r8Xd`wf3tGB}OxCu,t^&V1VM/a'x(=O&)%kRYe8hCgU9Dq}! These particular monoclonal antibodies bind to part of the Ebola viruss surface to prevent the virus from entering a persons cells. Epidemiological features and trends of Ebola virus disease in West Clearly, Ebola is a catastrophic virus which has gathered a lot of attention. (4) The disease was originated from and named after a river in the Democratic of Congo. World Health Organization. Keywords: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON351, 2021: a small outbreak was reported in Guinea on February 14, 2021 and was declared over on June 19, 2021, with a total of 23 cases and 12 deaths (case fatality rate 52%). endobj } TheZaire ebolavirus has a reported case fatality rate of up to 90% in previous outbreaks. Disease outbreak news. At this time, the WHO sent teams into the field to manage and trace cases.
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