If the mergers happen too early runaway gas accretion may occur leading to the formation of a gas giant. B) more cratered. [20] During this stage embryos expel remaining planetesimals, and collide with each other. Both types of planet begun with planetesimals growing through the process of accretion, but only the jovian planets were able to capture hydrogen and helium gas from the solar nebula. e. PF5\mathrm{PF}_5PF5 I. Create your account. These giant clouds are gravitationally precarious, and matter combines inside them to more modest denser clumps, which at that point rotate, collapse, and form stars. Why do we expect other solar systems to be common? Currently the best theory is the Nebular Theory . D) an irregularly shaped body, mostly found orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. As. b. false, Density is defined as: stars, as our own planets orbit the Sun. The Pacific Ocean appears to be a large crater, probably the one made by the giant impact. The absence of Super-Earths and closely orbiting planets in the Solar System may be due to the previous formation of Jupiter blocking their inward migration. A) the terrestrials are more like the Sun, since they formed close to it. [77], The amount of gas a super-Earth that formed in situ acquires may depend on when the planetary embryos merged due to giant impacts relative to the dissipation of the gas disk. The age of the solar system is determined with ________ dating. A) Their images become blurry due to outgassing as the Sun heats them up. How do these meteorites support the nebular theory's scenario for the formation of the terrestrial planets? Various simulations have also demonstrated that the accretion of material in these discs leads to the formation of a few Earth-sized bodies. D) Kuiper Belt Objects C) an icy body with a long tail extending from it. c. the direction the comet is traveling the jovian planets are more like the sun than are the terrestrials. D) Giotto. c. the satellite system of Jupiter. Artem has a doctor of veterinary medicine degree. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. c. cout << "y == z - 3: " << (y == z - 3) << endl; A solid body from the outer solar system that arrives intact on the Earth's surface is called a ________. b. the Kuiper belt Researchers estimate that there is more total mass in the Kuiper Belt than in the asteroid bel, Some meteorites are believed to have come from Mars and the Moon, As a rotating gas cloud contracts, it spins faster. E) away from the Sun and disappears at perihelion. The evolutionary hypothesis is a hypothesis that states that gradual and natural changes caused the formation of our solar system. Name three differences between terrestrial and jovian planets. Pluto's orbit has a lower inclination to the ecliptic than any planet or dwarf planet, One characteristic of the terrestrial planets is their extensive moon systems, All the planet's orbits are evenly spaced, All the planets revolve around the Sun in the same direction, except for Venus and Uranus. The Nebular Hypothesis and Formation of the Solar System | Nebula Types & Differences, Oceanic Ridge System: Formation & Distribution. [28][31][68] Some combination of the above-mentioned ideas may explain the formation of the cores of gas giant planets such as Jupiter and perhaps even Saturn. C) the asteroid Ceres. d. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune only D) most exoplanets are smaller than Pluto. 98% hydrogen and helium, 2% everything else. C) the Sun is unique, made of nothing but hydrogen and helium. Many meteorites appear to have formed very early in the solar system's history. The Nebular Hypothesis: What is a Solar Nebula? - Study.com In this book, almost all major problems of the planetary formation process were formulated and many were solved. [39] In an accretion disk, there is a net flux of mass from larger radii toward smaller radii. B) the jovian planets are made only of ice, and the terrestrials only of rock. Astronomers have not yet been able to detect planets outside our solar system. B) Comet Halley. This stage is thought to last a few hundred thousand years. d. Venus According to the nebular theory, why did terrestrial planets form in the inner solar system and jovian planets in the outer solar system? The result of this process, which lasts for 10 to 100million years, is the formation of a limited number of Earth-sized bodies. C) a few kilometers in size, and very low in density. A. It's not as bright as a star because it's not undergoing thermonuclear fusion, with the tremendous release of energy that accompanies that process. This explosion made waves in space which squeezed the cloud of gas & dust. According to the nebular theory, how did the solar system form? D) close to or at perihelion. a. Saturn A) orbiting around the Kuiper Belt body Hector. All the planets orbit the Sun in exactly the same plane as the Earth. Leftover debris that never became planets congregated in regions such as the Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt, and Oort Cloud. Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg in 1734 proposed that the planets formed out of a nebular crust that had surrounded the Sun and then broken apart. E) a flattened belt of cometary nuclei just beyond the orbit of Neptune. quiz 8 Flashcards | Chegg.com d. closer on average to the Sun than is the Earth c. only Jupiter B) most extrasolar systems are not seen edge-on. The total mass of remaining planetesimals will be small, because cumulative action of the embryos before their ejection and giant planets is still strong enough to remove 99% of the small bodies. ", "Formation of gas giant planets: core accretion models with fragmentation and planetary envelope", "Clustered Star Formation and the Origin of Stellar Masses", "The onset of collapse in turbulently supported molecular clouds", "The formation of protostellar disks. E) are in random orbits at all inclinations to the ecliptic. According to the nebular theory of solar system formation, what key difference in their early formation explains why the jovian planets ended up so different from the terrestrial planets? According to the Solar Nebula theory, planets a) should be a common result of star formation. How do scientists determine how long ago Earth first formed? The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium. succeed. D) where the ecliptic is. II. It was also rejected by astronomer Sir David Brewster (1781 1868), who stated that: those who believe in the Nebular Theory consider it as certain that our Earth derived its solid matter and its atmosphere from a ring thrown from the Solar atmosphere, which afterwards contracted into a solid terraqueous sphere, from which the Moon was thrown off by the same process [Under such a view] the Moon must necessarily have carried off water and air from the watery and aerial parts of the Earth and must have an atmosphere.. 15 II, III, IV Accretion is Ch. The smallest planet, Mercury, has no moons. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). According to modern science, what was the approximate chemical composition of the solar nebula? In pebble accretion objects between a cm and a meter in diameter falling toward a massive body are slowed enough by gas drag for them to spiral toward it and be accreted. B) most asteroids The catastrophic hypothesis is a hypothesis that states that our solar system formed thanks to a sudden and improbable event such as the collision of two stars. In composition, the ________ planets have rocky materials like the asteroids. Ices condensed only in the outer solar system, where some icy planetesimals grew large enough to attract gas from the nebula, while only metal and rock condensed in the inner solar system, making terrestrial . C) most stars are too bright for us to detect a planetary transit. According to the Solar Nebula theory, planets [28] This enhances the mass of planetesimals fourfold. by star infall or radiation pressure flow outwards, before they are finished. Proto-Sol is formed. Star Classification Types & Luminosity Class | How are Stars Classified? counter clockwise. b. mass times weight By this time we would no longer have a disorganized heap of gas and dust and would have a discoid structure with a thickening in the center. D) everything past Mars and the asteroid belt The disturbance could be, for example, the shock wave from a nearby supernova. C) have satellite systems with less than 4 moons. what is now called Laplaces nebular hypothesis, a theory of the origin of the solar system. According to modern science, which of the following best explains why the vast majority of the mass of our solar system consists of hydrogen and helium gas? The terrestrial planets formed inside the frost line of the solar nebula and the jovian planets formed beyond it. Planetary transits of exoplanets are rare because B) a volcanic event. A) a streak of light in the atmosphere. Accretion Theory & Process | What is the Process of Accretion? e) should orbit perpendicular to their star's equator. Meteor showers are caused by an interaction between a planet and debris from a comet trail. An example of a nebula that you are likely to be able to see is in the constellation Orion. b. false, The Manicouagan reservoir near Quebec is an example of: In the most elaborate model which makes Earth isotope measurements easiest to predict, by free coupling the processes, the 1st generation of super massive stars would go supernova in 1-10 million years. c. the Earth Due to compression, the center of the nebula heats up and begins to glow. The masses of the original planets (see protoplanet) were assumed to be larger than in the earlier version of the theory, and the apparent discrepancy in angular momentum was attributed to magnetic forces connecting the Sun and planets. The cores in this hypothesis could have formed locally or at a greater distance and migrated close to the star. The exoplanets discovered include hot-Jupiters, warm-Jupiters, super-Earths, and systems of tightly packed inner planets. Simulations show that the number of surviving planets is on average from 2 to 5. That blows a 2nd generation of large bubbles with massive, compressed shells, The shells would lead to a 3d generation of ~ 500 1000 stars of Sun size or less. If a massive companion planet or star on an inclined orbit was present an exchange of inclination for eccentricity via the Kozai mechanism raising eccentricities and lowering perihelion followed by circularization can also result in a close orbit. An interesting problem for terrestrial planets is the meter size problem (IIRC the name). The planet will probably have a composition that is mostly hydrogen and helium. a. only Jupiter and Saturn I feel like its a lifeline. However, there are some salient points that I think I have picked up earlier: something happened that caused the cloud to collapse. Hr. [71] Migration is caused by the interaction of the planet sitting in the gap with the remaining disk. D) All of the above are true. D) a micrometeorite impact. [20] Formation of both planets required merging of approximately 1020 embryos, while an equal number of them were thrown out of the Solar System.
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